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ESP32/components/wifi_monitor/wifi_monitor.c

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#include "wifi_monitor.h"
#include "esp_log.h"
#include "esp_wifi.h"
#include "string.h"
static const char *TAG = "WiFi_Monitor";
// Module state
static bool monitor_running = false;
static wifi_monitor_cb_t user_callback = NULL;
static wifi_collapse_stats_t stats = {0};
// Tunable thresholds (accessible via GDB for runtime adjustment)
uint32_t threshold_high_nav_us = 5000; // NAV threshold for "high" classification
uint32_t threshold_duration_mismatch_us = 10000; // Log mismatches when NAV exceeds this
uint32_t threshold_phy_rate_fallback_mbps = 100; // PHY rate below this = fallback
float threshold_retry_rate_percent = 20.0f; // Retry rate for collapse detection
uint32_t threshold_avg_nav_collapse_us = 10000; // Avg NAV threshold for collapse
float threshold_collision_percent = 10.0f; // Collision event percentage
float threshold_mismatch_percent = 5.0f; // Duration mismatch percentage
uint32_t threshold_duration_multiplier = 2; // NAV > expected * this = mismatch
// Logging control
uint32_t log_every_n_mismatches = 1; // Log every Nth mismatch (1 = all, 10 = every 10th)
static uint32_t s_mismatch_log_counter = 0;
// Forward declarations
static void wifi_promiscuous_rx_cb(void *buf, wifi_promiscuous_pkt_type_t type);
/**
* @brief Parse 802.11 MAC header
*/
esp_err_t wifi_parse_frame(const uint8_t *payload, uint16_t len, wifi_frame_info_t *frame_info) {
if (!payload || !frame_info || len < 24) {
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
memset(frame_info, 0, sizeof(wifi_frame_info_t));
// Parse Frame Control (bytes 0-1)
frame_info->frame_control = (payload[1] << 8) | payload[0];
frame_info->protocol_version = frame_info->frame_control & 0x03;
frame_info->type = (frame_info->frame_control >> 2) & 0x03;
frame_info->subtype = (frame_info->frame_control >> 4) & 0x0F;
frame_info->to_ds = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_TO_DS) != 0;
frame_info->from_ds = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_FROM_DS) != 0;
frame_info->more_frag = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_MORE_FRAG) != 0;
frame_info->retry = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_RETRY) != 0;
frame_info->pwr_mgmt = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_PWR_MGMT) != 0;
frame_info->more_data = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_MORE_DATA) != 0;
frame_info->protected_frame = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_PROTECTED) != 0;
frame_info->order = (frame_info->frame_control & FRAME_CTRL_ORDER) != 0;
// Parse Duration/ID (bytes 2-3) - THIS IS THE NAV FIELD!
frame_info->duration_id = (payload[3] << 8) | payload[2];
// Parse Address 1 (Receiver) (bytes 4-9)
memcpy(frame_info->addr1, &payload[4], 6);
// Parse Address 2 (Transmitter) (bytes 10-15)
memcpy(frame_info->addr2, &payload[10], 6);
// Parse Address 3 (BSSID/SA/DA) (bytes 16-21)
memcpy(frame_info->addr3, &payload[16], 6);
// Parse Sequence Control (bytes 22-23)
frame_info->seq_ctrl = (payload[23] << 8) | payload[22];
frame_info->fragment_num = frame_info->seq_ctrl & 0x0F;
frame_info->sequence_num = (frame_info->seq_ctrl >> 4) & 0x0FFF;
// Check for Address 4 (only present if To DS and From DS both set)
frame_info->has_addr4 = frame_info->to_ds && frame_info->from_ds;
if (frame_info->has_addr4 && len >= 30) {
memcpy(frame_info->addr4, &payload[24], 6);
}
frame_info->frame_len = len;
return ESP_OK;
}
/**
* @brief Promiscuous mode RX callback
*/
static void wifi_promiscuous_rx_cb(void *buf, wifi_promiscuous_pkt_type_t type) {
if (!buf) return;
wifi_promiscuous_pkt_t *pkt = (wifi_promiscuous_pkt_t *)buf;
wifi_pkt_rx_ctrl_t *rx_ctrl = &pkt->rx_ctrl;
const uint8_t *payload = pkt->payload;
uint16_t len = rx_ctrl->sig_len;
// Parse frame header
wifi_frame_info_t frame_info;
if (wifi_parse_frame(payload, len, &frame_info) != ESP_OK) {
return;
}
// Add RX metadata
frame_info.rssi = rx_ctrl->rssi;
frame_info.channel = rx_ctrl->channel;
frame_info.timestamp = rx_ctrl->timestamp;
// Extract PHY rate info from RX control
frame_info.mcs = 0;
frame_info.rate = rx_ctrl->rate; // This is the rate index
frame_info.sig_mode = 0;
frame_info.sgi = false;
frame_info.bandwidth = 0;
// Estimate PHY rate from rate index (rough approximation)
static const uint32_t rate_table[] = {
1000, 2000, 5500, 11000, // 1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps (DSSS)
6000, 9000, 12000, 18000, 24000, 36000, 48000, 54000, // OFDM rates
65000, 130000, 195000, 260000 // Rough HT estimates
};
if (rx_ctrl->rate < sizeof(rate_table) / sizeof(rate_table[0])) {
frame_info.phy_rate_kbps = rate_table[rx_ctrl->rate];
} else {
frame_info.phy_rate_kbps = 100000; // Assume 100 Mbps default
}
// Update statistics
stats.total_frames++;
if (frame_info.retry) {
stats.retry_frames++;
}
if (frame_info.duration_id > threshold_high_nav_us) {
stats.high_nav_frames++;
}
if (frame_info.duration_id > stats.max_nav) {
stats.max_nav = frame_info.duration_id;
}
// Track PHY rate statistics
uint16_t phy_rate_mbps = frame_info.phy_rate_kbps / 1000;
if (phy_rate_mbps > 0) {
if (stats.min_phy_rate_mbps == 0 || phy_rate_mbps < stats.min_phy_rate_mbps) {
stats.min_phy_rate_mbps = phy_rate_mbps;
}
if (phy_rate_mbps > stats.max_phy_rate_mbps) {
stats.max_phy_rate_mbps = phy_rate_mbps;
}
stats.avg_phy_rate_mbps = (stats.avg_phy_rate_mbps * (stats.total_frames - 1) + phy_rate_mbps) / stats.total_frames;
if (frame_info.channel >= 36 && phy_rate_mbps < threshold_phy_rate_fallback_mbps) {
stats.rate_fallback_frames++;
}
// Calculate expected duration
uint32_t tx_time_us = (frame_info.frame_len * 8000) / frame_info.phy_rate_kbps;
uint32_t overhead_us = 44;
if (frame_info.sig_mode == 0) {
overhead_us = 24;
} else if (frame_info.bandwidth == 2) {
overhead_us = 52;
}
uint32_t expected_duration = tx_time_us + overhead_us;
// ---------------------------------------------------------
// DURATION MISMATCH CHECK (Attacker Identification Added)
// ---------------------------------------------------------
if (frame_info.duration_id > expected_duration * threshold_duration_multiplier) {
stats.duration_mismatch_frames++;
if (frame_info.duration_id > threshold_duration_mismatch_us) {
s_mismatch_log_counter++;
if ((s_mismatch_log_counter % log_every_n_mismatches) == 0) {
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", "Duration mismatch: %s frame, %u bytes @ %u Mbps",
wifi_frame_type_str(frame_info.type, frame_info.subtype),
frame_info.frame_len, phy_rate_mbps);
// NEW: Log the Source MAC (Addr2)
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", " Source MAC: %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x",
frame_info.addr2[0], frame_info.addr2[1], frame_info.addr2[2],
frame_info.addr2[3], frame_info.addr2[4], frame_info.addr2[5]);
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", " Expected: %lu us, Actual NAV: %u us (+%ld us)",
expected_duration, frame_info.duration_id,
frame_info.duration_id - expected_duration);
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", " Retry: %s, RSSI: %d dBm",
frame_info.retry ? "YES" : "no", frame_info.rssi);
}
}
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------
// COLLISION CHECK (Attacker Identification Added)
// ---------------------------------------------------------
if (frame_info.retry && frame_info.duration_id > threshold_high_nav_us &&
phy_rate_mbps < threshold_phy_rate_fallback_mbps) {
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", "⚠⚠⚠ COLLISION DETECTED!");
// NEW: Log the Attacker MAC
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", " Attacker MAC: %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x",
frame_info.addr2[0], frame_info.addr2[1], frame_info.addr2[2],
frame_info.addr2[3], frame_info.addr2[4], frame_info.addr2[5]);
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", " Type: %s, Size: %u bytes, Rate: %u Mbps",
wifi_frame_type_str(frame_info.type, frame_info.subtype),
frame_info.frame_len, phy_rate_mbps);
ESP_LOGW("MONITOR", " NAV: %u us (expected %lu us), Retry: YES",
frame_info.duration_id, expected_duration);
}
}
// Count frame types
switch (frame_info.type) {
case FRAME_TYPE_MANAGEMENT:
stats.mgmt_frames++;
break;
case FRAME_TYPE_CONTROL:
if (frame_info.subtype == CTRL_RTS) {
stats.rts_frames++;
} else if (frame_info.subtype == CTRL_CTS) {
stats.cts_frames++;
} else if (frame_info.subtype == CTRL_ACK) {
stats.ack_frames++;
}
break;
case FRAME_TYPE_DATA:
stats.data_frames++;
break;
}
if (frame_info.retry && frame_info.duration_id > threshold_high_nav_us) {
stats.collision_events++;
}
if (stats.total_frames > 0) {
stats.retry_rate = (float)stats.retry_frames / stats.total_frames * 100.0f;
stats.avg_nav = (stats.avg_nav * (stats.total_frames - 1) + frame_info.duration_id) / stats.total_frames;
}
if (user_callback) {
user_callback(&frame_info, payload, len);
}
}
/**
* @brief Initialize WiFi monitor mode
*/
esp_err_t wifi_monitor_init(uint8_t channel, wifi_monitor_cb_t callback) {
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Initializing WiFi monitor mode on channel %d", channel);
user_callback = callback;
monitor_running = false;
// Initialize WiFi in NULL mode (no STA or AP)
wifi_init_config_t cfg = WIFI_INIT_CONFIG_DEFAULT();
esp_err_t ret = esp_wifi_init(&cfg);
if (ret != ESP_OK && ret != ESP_ERR_WIFI_NOT_INIT) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "WiFi init failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
// Set WiFi mode to NULL (required for promiscuous mode)
ret = esp_wifi_set_mode(WIFI_MODE_NULL);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Set mode failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
// Start WiFi
ret = esp_wifi_start();
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "WiFi start failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
// Set channel
ret = wifi_monitor_set_channel(channel);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Set channel failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
// Set promiscuous filter to capture all frame types
wifi_promiscuous_filter_t filter = {
.filter_mask = WIFI_PROMIS_FILTER_MASK_ALL
};
ret = esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_filter(&filter);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Set filter failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
// Register promiscuous callback
ret = esp_wifi_set_promiscuous_rx_cb(wifi_promiscuous_rx_cb);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Set callback failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "WiFi monitor initialized successfully");
return ESP_OK;
}
/**
* @brief Start WiFi monitoring
*/
esp_err_t wifi_monitor_start(void) {
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting WiFi monitor mode");
esp_err_t ret = esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(true);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Enable promiscuous failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
monitor_running = true;
wifi_monitor_reset_stats();
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "WiFi monitor started - capturing all 802.11 frames");
return ESP_OK;
}
/**
* @brief Stop WiFi monitoring
*/
esp_err_t wifi_monitor_stop(void) {
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Stopping WiFi monitor mode");
esp_err_t ret = esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(false);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Disable promiscuous failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
monitor_running = false;
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "WiFi monitor stopped");
return ESP_OK;
}
/**
* @brief Set WiFi channel for monitoring
*/
esp_err_t wifi_monitor_set_channel(uint8_t channel) {
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Setting channel to %d", channel);
esp_err_t ret = esp_wifi_set_channel(channel, WIFI_SECOND_CHAN_NONE);
if (ret != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Set channel failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(ret));
return ret;
}
return ESP_OK;
}
/**
* @brief Get WiFi collapse detection statistics
*/
esp_err_t wifi_monitor_get_stats(wifi_collapse_stats_t *out_stats) {
if (!out_stats) {
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
memcpy(out_stats, &stats, sizeof(wifi_collapse_stats_t));
return ESP_OK;
}
/**
* @brief Reset WiFi collapse detection statistics
*/
void wifi_monitor_reset_stats(void) {
memset(&stats, 0, sizeof(wifi_collapse_stats_t));
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Statistics reset");
}
/**
* @brief Check if current conditions indicate WiFi collapse
*/
bool wifi_monitor_is_collapsed(void) {
// Need minimum sample size
if (stats.total_frames < 100) {
return false;
}
bool high_retry = stats.retry_rate > threshold_retry_rate_percent;
bool high_nav = stats.avg_nav > threshold_avg_nav_collapse_us;
bool high_collision = (float)stats.collision_events / stats.total_frames > (threshold_collision_percent / 100.0f);
bool duration_issues = (float)stats.duration_mismatch_frames / stats.total_frames > (threshold_mismatch_percent / 100.0f);
bool rate_fallback = stats.avg_phy_rate_mbps < threshold_phy_rate_fallback_mbps;
// Collapse detected if 3 out of 5 indicators are true
int indicators = (high_retry ? 1 : 0) +
(high_nav ? 1 : 0) +
(high_collision ? 1 : 0) +
(duration_issues ? 1 : 0) +
(rate_fallback ? 1 : 0);
return indicators >= 3;
}
/**
* @brief Get string representation of frame type
*/
const char* wifi_frame_type_str(uint8_t type, uint8_t subtype) {
if (type == FRAME_TYPE_MANAGEMENT) {
switch (subtype) {
case MGMT_ASSOC_REQ: return "ASSOC_REQ";
case MGMT_ASSOC_RESP: return "ASSOC_RESP";
case MGMT_REASSOC_REQ: return "REASSOC_REQ";
case MGMT_REASSOC_RESP: return "REASSOC_RESP";
case MGMT_PROBE_REQ: return "PROBE_REQ";
case MGMT_PROBE_RESP: return "PROBE_RESP";
case MGMT_BEACON: return "BEACON";
case MGMT_ATIM: return "ATIM";
case MGMT_DISASSOC: return "DISASSOC";
case MGMT_AUTH: return "AUTH";
case MGMT_DEAUTH: return "DEAUTH";
case MGMT_ACTION: return "ACTION";
default: return "MGMT_UNKNOWN";
}
} else if (type == FRAME_TYPE_CONTROL) {
switch (subtype) {
case CTRL_BLOCK_ACK_REQ: return "BLOCK_ACK_REQ";
case CTRL_BLOCK_ACK: return "BLOCK_ACK";
case CTRL_PS_POLL: return "PS_POLL";
case CTRL_RTS: return "RTS";
case CTRL_CTS: return "CTS";
case CTRL_ACK: return "ACK";
case CTRL_CF_END: return "CF_END";
case CTRL_CF_END_ACK: return "CF_END_ACK";
default: return "CTRL_UNKNOWN";
}
} else if (type == FRAME_TYPE_DATA) {
switch (subtype) {
case DATA_DATA: return "DATA";
case DATA_NULL: return "NULL";
case DATA_QOS_DATA: return "QOS_DATA";
case DATA_QOS_NULL: return "QOS_NULL";
default: return "DATA_UNKNOWN";
}
}
return "UNKNOWN";
}
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