fiwi_monitor/wifi_monitor.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Monitor mode WiFi packet capture and analysis using scapy.
Replaces the bash script with a pure Python solution.

Usage:
    # Live capture from interface:
    sudo python3 wifi_monitor.py [interface] [channel] [duration_seconds] [--keep-pcap] [--full-packet]
    sudo python3 wifi_monitor.py wlan0 36 10
    sudo python3 wifi_monitor.py wlan0 36 10 --keep-pcap
    sudo python3 wifi_monitor.py wlan0 36 10 --full-packet  # Capture entire packets (default: header only)

    # Read from pcap file:
    python3 wifi_monitor.py <pcap_file>
    python3 wifi_monitor.py /tmp/capture.pcap
"""

# Standard library imports
import os
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import time
from collections import Counter, defaultdict

# Third-party imports
from scapy.all import RadioTap, rdpcap, sniff, wrpcap
from scapy.layers.dot11 import (
    Dot11, Dot11AssoReq, Dot11AssoResp, Dot11Auth, Dot11Beacon,
    Dot11Deauth, Dot11Disas, Dot11ProbeReq, Dot11ProbeResp, Dot11QoS
)


class Config:
    """Configuration class for capture settings."""
    def __init__(self):
        self.wifi_interface = os.environ.get("WIFI_INTERFACE", "wlan0")
        self.keep_pcap = False
        self.full_packet = False
        self.default_snaplen = 256  # Header + some payload

    @property
    def snaplen(self):
        """Get snaplen value based on full_packet setting."""
        return 0 if self.full_packet else self.default_snaplen


class MonitorModeSetup:
    """Handles WiFi interface monitor mode setup."""
    def __init__(self, interface, channel):
        self.interface = interface
        self.channel = channel
        self._error_message = None

    @property
    def error_message(self):
        """Get error message if setup failed."""
        return self._error_message

    @property
    def is_successful(self):
        """Check if setup was successful."""
        return self._error_message is None

    def setup(self):
        """Set WiFi interface to monitor mode."""
        result = True
        print(f"=== Setting up monitor mode on {self.interface} ===")

        if not self._unmanage_networkmanager():
            result = False

        self._unblock_wifi()

        if not self._set_monitor_mode():
            result = False

        if not self._set_channel():
            result = False

        self._verify_monitor_mode()

        return result

    def _unmanage_networkmanager(self):
        """Try to unmanage interface from NetworkManager."""
        try:
            result = subprocess.run(["which", "nmcli"], capture_output=True, text=True)
            if result.returncode == 0:
                print("Unmanaging interface from NetworkManager...")
                subprocess.run(
                    ["nmcli", "device", "set", self.interface, "managed", "no"],
                    capture_output=True,
                    stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
                )
        except OSError:
            pass
        return True

    def _unblock_wifi(self):
        """Unblock WiFi if blocked by rfkill."""
        try:
            subprocess.run(["rfkill", "unblock", "wifi"], check=False)
        except OSError:
            pass

    def _set_monitor_mode(self):
        """Set interface to monitor mode."""
        try:
            result = subprocess.run(
                ["iw", "dev", self.interface, "info"],
                capture_output=True,
                text=True,
                check=True
            )
            if "type monitor" in result.stdout:
                print(f"Already in monitor mode")
                return True

            print(f"Setting {self.interface} to monitor mode...")

            subprocess.run(
                ["ip", "link", "set", self.interface, "down"],
                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
                stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
            )
            time.sleep(0.5)

            subprocess.run(
                ["iw", "dev", self.interface, "set", "type", "monitor"],
                check=True,
                capture_output=True,
                text=True
            )
            time.sleep(0.5)

            subprocess.run(
                ["ip", "link", "set", self.interface, "up"],
                check=True,
                capture_output=True,
                text=True
            )
            print("Monitor mode activated")
            return True
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
            self._error_message = f"Error setting monitor mode: {e}"
            if hasattr(e, 'stderr') and e.stderr:
                self._error_message += f"\nError details: {e.stderr}"
            print(self._error_message)
            return False

    def _set_channel(self):
        """Set channel for monitor mode interface."""
        try:
            subprocess.run(
                ["iw", "dev", self.interface, "set", "channel", str(self.channel)],
                check=True,
                capture_output=True
            )
            print(f"Channel set to {self.channel}")
            return True
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
            print(f"Error setting channel: {e}")
            print("Continuing anyway - channel may not be set correctly")
            return True  # Non-fatal

    def _verify_monitor_mode(self):
        """Verify monitor mode is active."""
        print("\nVerifying monitor mode...")
        try:
            result = subprocess.run(
                ["iw", "dev", self.interface, "info"],
                capture_output=True,
                text=True,
                check=True
            )
            for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
                if "type" in line or "channel" in line:
                    print(f"\t{line.strip()}")
        except (OSError, subprocess.SubprocessError):
            pass


class PacketParser:
    """Handles parsing of 802.11 packet fields."""
    @staticmethod
    def frame_type_name(pkt):
        """Get human-readable frame type name."""
        if not pkt.haslayer(Dot11):
            return "Unknown"

        dot11 = pkt[Dot11]
        fc = dot11.FCfield

        if dot11.type == 0:  # Management
            if dot11.subtype == 8:
                return "Beacon"
            elif dot11.subtype == 4:
                return "Probe Request"
            elif dot11.subtype == 5:
                return "Probe Response"
            elif dot11.subtype == 11:
                return "Authentication"
            elif dot11.subtype == 12:
                return "Deauthentication"
            elif dot11.subtype == 0:
                return "Association Request"
            elif dot11.subtype == 1:
                return "Association Response"
            elif dot11.subtype == 10:
                return "Disassociation"
            else:
                return f"Management ({dot11.subtype})"
        elif dot11.type == 1:  # Control
            return f"Control ({dot11.subtype})"
        elif dot11.type == 2:  # Data
            if dot11.subtype == 8:
                return "QoS Data"
            elif dot11.subtype == 0:
                return "Data"
            else:
                return f"Data ({dot11.subtype})"
        else:
            return f"Unknown ({dot11.type}/{dot11.subtype})"

    @staticmethod
    def ra_ta(pkt):
        """Extract RA and TA from 802.11 frame."""
        if not pkt.haslayer(Dot11):
            return None, None

        dot11 = pkt[Dot11]

        ra = dot11.addr1 if hasattr(dot11, 'addr1') else None
        ta = dot11.addr2 if hasattr(dot11, 'addr2') else None

        if ra:
            ra = ra.lower() if isinstance(ra, str) else ':'.join(f'{b:02x}' for b in ra)
        if ta:
            ta = ta.lower() if isinstance(ta, str) else ':'.join(f'{b:02x}' for b in ta)

        return ra, ta

    @staticmethod
    def phy_info(pkt):
        """Extract PHY rate and MCS from packet (if available in radiotap)."""
        phy_rate = None
        mcs = None

        if pkt.haslayer(RadioTap):
            radiotap = pkt[RadioTap]
            if hasattr(radiotap, 'Rate'):
                rate_val = radiotap.Rate
                if rate_val:
                    phy_rate = rate_val * 0.5  # Convert to Mbps
            if hasattr(radiotap, 'MCS'):
                mcs_data = radiotap.MCS
                if mcs_data and hasattr(mcs_data, 'index'):
                    mcs = mcs_data.index

        return phy_rate, mcs


class PacketAnalyzer:
    """Analyzes captured packets and generates statistics."""
    def __init__(self, parser):
        self.parser = parser

    def analyze(self, packets, duration):
        """Analyze captured packets and generate statistics."""
        print("\n=== Capture Statistics ===")

        total_count = len(packets)
        print(f"Total packets captured: {total_count}")

        if total_count == 0:
            self._print_no_packets_message()
            return

        plcp_count = sum(1 for pkt in packets if pkt.haslayer(RadioTap))
        print(f"PLCP headers: {plcp_count}")

        if total_count > 0:
            rate = total_count / duration
            print(f"Packet rate: {rate:.1f} packets/second")
        print()

        self._print_sample_packets(packets)
        self._print_ra_ta_pairs(packets)
        self._print_phy_histograms(packets)
        self._print_frame_type_breakdown(packets)
        self._print_data_frame_analysis(packets)
        self._print_server_mac_analysis(packets)
        self._print_summary(total_count, plcp_count)

    def _print_no_packets_message(self):
        """Print message when no packets are captured."""
        print("\n(No packets captured)")
        print("\n=== Summary ===")
        print("✗ No packets captured. Check:")
        print(f"  1. Is there WiFi traffic on the channel?")
        print(f"  2. Is the interface actually in monitor mode?")
        print(f"  3. Try a different channel or longer duration")

    def _print_sample_packets(self, packets):
        """Print sample packets."""
        print("Sample packets (first 10):")
        for i, pkt in enumerate(packets[:10]):
            ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
            ra_str = ra if ra else "N/A"
            ta_str = ta if ta else "N/A"

            frame_type = self.parser.frame_type_name(pkt)

            encrypted = "encrypted" if (pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x40) else "unencrypted"

            retry = " [retry]" if (pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x08) else ""

            duration_val = "N/A"
            if pkt.haslayer(Dot11):
                duration_val = pkt[Dot11].Duration if hasattr(pkt[Dot11], 'Duration') else "N/A"

            plcp = "yes" if pkt.haslayer(RadioTap) else "no"

            print(f"  Frame {i+1}: RA={ra_str}, TA={ta_str}, type={frame_type}, {encrypted}, dur={duration_val}, PLCP={plcp}{retry}")
        print()

    def _print_ra_ta_pairs(self, packets):
        """Print unique RA/TA pairs."""
        print("Unique RA/TA pairs (with counts):")
        ra_ta_pairs = Counter()
        for pkt in packets:
            ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
            if ra or ta:
                ra_str = ra if ra else "N/A"
                ta_str = ta if ta else "N/A"
                pair = f"{ra_str} -> {ta_str}"
                ra_ta_pairs[pair] += 1

        if ra_ta_pairs:
            for pair, count in ra_ta_pairs.most_common():
                print(f"  {pair}: {count} frame(s)")
        else:
            print("  (no valid RA/TA pairs found)")
        print()

    def _print_phy_histograms(self, packets):
        """Print PHY rate and MCS histograms per RA/TA pair."""
        print("PHY Rate and MCS Histograms per RA/TA pair:")
        rate_histograms = defaultdict(Counter)
        mcs_histograms = defaultdict(Counter)

        for pkt in packets:
            ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
            if not (ra or ta):
                continue

            if not pkt.haslayer(Dot11) or pkt[Dot11].type != 2:
                continue

            ra_str = ra if ra else "N/A"
            ta_str = ta if ta else "N/A"
            pair = f"{ra_str} -> {ta_str}"

            phy_rate, mcs = self.parser.phy_info(pkt)
            if phy_rate:
                rate_histograms[pair][phy_rate] += 1
            if mcs is not None:
                mcs_histograms[pair][mcs] += 1

        for pair in sorted(set(list(rate_histograms.keys()) + list(mcs_histograms.keys()))):
            print(f"\n  {pair}:")

            print("    PHY Rate (Mbps):")
            if pair in rate_histograms:
                for rate in sorted(rate_histograms[pair].keys()):
                    print(f"      {rate} Mbps: {rate_histograms[pair][rate]} frame(s)")
            else:
                print("      (no PHY rate data)")

            print("    MCS Index:")
            if pair in mcs_histograms:
                for mcs_val in sorted(mcs_histograms[pair].keys()):
                    print(f"      MCS {mcs_val}: {mcs_histograms[pair][mcs_val]} frame(s)")
            else:
                print("      (no MCS data)")
        print()

    def _print_frame_type_breakdown(self, packets):
        """Print frame type breakdown."""
        print("Frame type breakdown:")
        frame_types = Counter()
        for pkt in packets:
            if pkt.haslayer(Dot11):
                dot11 = pkt[Dot11]
                if dot11.type == 0:
                    frame_types["Management"] += 1
                elif dot11.type == 1:
                    frame_types["Control"] += 1
                elif dot11.type == 2:
                    frame_types["Data"] += 1
                else:
                    frame_types["Unknown"] += 1

        for frame_type, count in frame_types.most_common():
            print(f"  {frame_type}: {count} frame(s)")
        print()

    def _print_data_frame_analysis(self, packets):
        """Print data frame analysis."""
        print("Data frame analysis (iperf typically uses QoS Data frames, subtype 8):")
        qos_data_frames = [pkt for pkt in packets if pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].type == 2 and pkt[Dot11].subtype == 8]
        qos_count = len(qos_data_frames)
        print(f"  QoS Data frames (type 2, subtype 8): {qos_count}")

        encrypted_count = sum(1 for pkt in qos_data_frames if pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x40)
        unencrypted_count = qos_count - encrypted_count
        print(f"    Encrypted: {encrypted_count}")
        print(f"    Unencrypted: {unencrypted_count}")

        if qos_count > 0:
            print("  Sample QoS Data frames (likely iperf traffic):")
            for i, pkt in enumerate(qos_data_frames[:5]):
                ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
                ra_str = ra if ra else "N/A"
                ta_str = ta if ta else "N/A"
                encrypted = "encrypted" if (pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x40) else "unencrypted"
                retry = " [retry]" if (pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x08) else ""
                duration_val = pkt[Dot11].Duration if pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and hasattr(pkt[Dot11], 'Duration') else "N/A"
                print(f"    Frame {i+1}: RA={ra_str}, TA={ta_str}, {encrypted}, dur={duration_val}{retry}")
        print()

    def _print_server_mac_analysis(self, packets):
        """Print analysis of frames involving server MAC."""
        server_mac = "80:84:89:93:c4:b6"
        print(f"Frames involving server MAC ({server_mac}):")
        server_frames = []
        for pkt in packets:
            ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
            if (ra and ra.lower() == server_mac.lower()) or (ta and ta.lower() == server_mac.lower()):
                server_frames.append(pkt)

        server_count = len(server_frames)
        print(f"  Total frames with server MAC: {server_count}")
        if server_count > 0:
            server_frame_types = Counter()
            for pkt in server_frames:
                if pkt.haslayer(Dot11):
                    dot11 = pkt[Dot11]
                    if dot11.type == 0:
                        server_frame_types["Management"] += 1
                    elif dot11.type == 1:
                        server_frame_types["Control"] += 1
                    elif dot11.type == 2:
                        server_frame_types["Data"] += 1

            print("  Frame type breakdown:")
            for frame_type, count in server_frame_types.most_common():
                print(f"    {frame_type}: {count} frame(s)")

            print("  Sample frames:")
            for i, pkt in enumerate(server_frames[:5]):
                ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
                ra_str = ra if ra else "N/A"
                ta_str = ta if ta else "N/A"
                frame_type = self.parser.frame_type_name(pkt)
                encrypted = "encrypted" if (pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x40) else "unencrypted"
                retry = " [retry]" if (pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and pkt[Dot11].FCfield & 0x08) else ""
                duration_val = pkt[Dot11].Duration if pkt.haslayer(Dot11) and hasattr(pkt[Dot11], 'Duration') else "N/A"
                print(f"    Frame {i+1}: RA={ra_str}, TA={ta_str}, type={frame_type}, {encrypted}, dur={duration_val}{retry}")
        print()

    def _print_summary(self, total_count, plcp_count):
        """Print summary statistics."""
        print("=== Summary ===")
        if total_count > 0:
            print(f"✓ Monitor mode is working! Captured {total_count} packet(s)")
            if plcp_count > 0:
                print(f"✓ PLCP headers detected: {plcp_count} packet(s) with radiotap information")
            else:
                print("⚠ No PLCP headers detected (may be using DLT_IEEE802_11 instead of DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO)")


class PacketCapture:
    """Handles packet capture operations."""
    def __init__(self, config):
        self.config = config
        self.parser = PacketParser()
        self.analyzer = PacketAnalyzer(self.parser)

    def capture_from_pcap(self, pcap_file):
        """Read and analyze packets from a PCAP file."""
        print("=== Reading packets from PCAP file ===")
        print(f"PCAP file: {pcap_file}")
        print()

        try:
            packets = rdpcap(pcap_file)
            print(f"Loaded {len(packets)} packets from {pcap_file}")

            file_size = os.path.getsize(pcap_file)
            print(f"File size: {file_size} bytes")
            print()

            self.analyzer.analyze(packets, 1.0)
            return 0
        except OSError as e:
            print(f"Error reading PCAP file: {e}")
            return 1
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error reading PCAP file: {e}")
            import traceback
            traceback.print_exc()
            return 1

    def capture_live(self, interface, channel, duration):
        """Capture packets from a live interface."""
        print("=== Testing Monitor Mode with scapy ===")
        print(f"Interface: {interface}")
        print(f"Channel: {channel}")
        print(f"Duration: {duration} seconds")
        print()

        setup = MonitorModeSetup(interface, channel)
        if not setup.setup():
            if setup.error_message:
                print(setup.error_message)
            return 1

        if not self._test_capture(interface):
            return 1

        return self._main_capture(interface, duration)

    def _test_capture(self, interface):
        """Perform a test capture to verify monitor mode."""
        print("\nChecking Data Link Type (1 second test capture)...")
        print("(This may take up to 2 seconds if no packets are present)")

        test_packets = []
        try:
            sniff(iface=interface, prn=lambda pkt: test_packets.append(pkt), timeout=1, store=False, snaplen=self.config.snaplen)
        except OSError as e:
            print(f"Error during test capture (system error): {e}")
            return False
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Error during test capture: {e}")
            return False

        test_count = len(test_packets)
        test_plcp = sum(1 for pkt in test_packets if pkt.haslayer(RadioTap))

        if test_count > 0:
            print("Sample packets:")
            for i, pkt in enumerate(test_packets[:5]):
                ra, ta = self.parser.ra_ta(pkt)
                ra_str = ra if ra else "N/A"
                ta_str = ta if ta else "N/A"
                plcp = "yes" if pkt.haslayer(RadioTap) else "no"
                print(f"  Frame {i+1 if i > 0 else test_count}: RA={ra_str}, TA={ta_str}, PLCP={plcp}")

        print(f"\nTest capture results:")
        print(f"  Packets captured: {test_count}")
        print(f"  PLCP headers: {test_plcp}")
        if test_plcp == 0 and test_count > 0:
            print("  Note: Packets captured but no radiotap headers (may be using DLT_IEEE802_11 instead of DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO)")

        return True

    def _main_capture(self, interface, duration):
        """Perform the main packet capture."""
        print(f"\n=== Starting scapy capture ({duration} seconds) ===")
        print("Press Ctrl+C to stop early\n")

        if self.config.full_packet:
            print("Capturing full packets...")
        else:
            print(f"Capturing packets (snaplen={self.config.snaplen} bytes, header + some payload)...")

        packets = []
        pcap_path = None

        if self.config.keep_pcap:
            pcap_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False, suffix='.pcap', prefix='scapy_capture_')
            pcap_path = pcap_file.name
            pcap_file.close()
            print(f"Capturing to file: {pcap_path}")

        capture_error = None
        try:
            if self.config.keep_pcap:
                sniff(iface=interface, prn=lambda pkt: packets.append(pkt), timeout=duration, store=True, snaplen=self.config.snaplen)
                wrpcap(pcap_path, packets)
                print(f"Pcap file size: {os.path.getsize(pcap_path)} bytes")
                print(f"Keeping pcap file: {pcap_path}")
                print(f"  (Use: python3 wifi_monitor.py {pcap_path} to analyze)")
            else:
                sniff(iface=interface, prn=lambda pkt: packets.append(pkt), timeout=duration, store=True, snaplen=self.config.snaplen)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("\nCapture interrupted by user")
        except OSError as e:
            capture_error = e
            print(f"\nError during capture (system error): {e}")
        except Exception as e:
            capture_error = e
            print(f"\nError during capture: {e}")
            import traceback
            traceback.print_exc()

        self.analyzer.analyze(packets, duration)

        if capture_error:
            return 1
        return 0


class ArgumentParser:
    """Handles command line argument parsing."""
    def __init__(self, config):
        self.config = config

    def parse(self):
        """Parse command line arguments."""
        args = sys.argv[1:]

        if len(args) == 0:
            self._print_usage()
            return None

        args = self._process_flags(args)

        if self._is_pcap_file(args):
            return self._parse_pcap_mode(args)

        return self._parse_live_mode(args)

    def _print_usage(self):
        """Print usage information."""
        print("Usage:")
        print("  Live capture: sudo python3 wifi_monitor.py [interface] [channel] [duration] [--keep-pcap] [--full-packet]")
        print("  Read pcap:    python3 wifi_monitor.py <pcap_file>")

    def _process_flags(self, args):
        """Process command line flags."""
        if "--keep-pcap" in args or "-k" in args:
            self.config.keep_pcap = True
            args = [a for a in args if a not in ["--keep-pcap", "-k"]]

        if "--full-packet" in args or "-f" in args:
            self.config.full_packet = True
            args = [a for a in args if a not in ["--full-packet", "-f"]]

        return args

    def _is_pcap_file(self, args):
        """Check if first argument is a PCAP file."""
        return len(args) > 0 and (args[0].endswith('.pcap') or args[0].endswith('.cap'))

    def _parse_pcap_mode(self, args):
        """Parse arguments for PCAP file mode."""
        pcap_file = args[0]
        if not os.path.isfile(pcap_file):
            print(f"Error: PCAP file not found: {pcap_file}")
            return None
        return ('pcap', pcap_file, None, None)

    def _parse_live_mode(self, args):
        """Parse arguments for live capture mode."""
        if len(args) > 0:
            if args[0].startswith("wl") and len(args[0]) <= 6:
                self.config.wifi_interface = args[0]
                channel = int(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else 36
                duration = int(args[2]) if len(args) > 2 else 10
            else:
                channel = int(args[0]) if len(args) > 0 else 36
                duration = int(args[1]) if len(args) > 1 else 10
        else:
            channel = 36
            duration = 10

        return ('live', self.config.wifi_interface, channel, duration)


def main():
    """Main function with single exit point."""
    exit_code = 0

    config = Config()
    arg_parser = ArgumentParser(config)
    parsed_args = arg_parser.parse()

    if parsed_args is None:
        exit_code = 1
    else:
        mode, interface_or_pcap, channel, duration = parsed_args
        capture = PacketCapture(config)

        if mode == 'pcap':
            exit_code = capture.capture_from_pcap(interface_or_pcap)
        else:
            exit_code = capture.capture_live(interface_or_pcap, channel, duration)

    return exit_code


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())